![](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/twins-study.png?w=1041)
Twins Study
TODAY
Discover the Science Goals
The landmark Twins Study brought ten research teams around the country together to observe what physiological, molecular, and cognitive changes could happen to a human from exposure to spaceflight. This was accomplished by comparing retired astronaut Scott Kelly while he was in space, to his identical twin brother, retired astronaut Mark Kelly, who remained on Earth. Click below to learn more about the goals of the study.
Read More![twins study crop for ICYMI 170203](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/twins_17-02-03.jpg?w=1024)
Fun Facts and Shareables
Did you know that for nearly one year, retired astronaut Scott Kelly came into contact with only 12 humans while living aboard the International Space Station? Download the shareables below to discover more fun facts about the landmark Twins Study and the people who participated in it.
Read More![Astronauts Mark and Scott Kelly](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/twins_icymi.jpg?w=1024)
Frequently Asked Questions
What was the NASA Twins Study? Why did NASA pursue it? What were the key findings of the investigation? Discover answers to these and other questions about this unique experiment.
Read More![Retired NASA astronaut Scott Kelly (left), and retired astronaut Mark Kelly, pictured at NASA's Johnson Space Center.](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/twins2.png?w=1024)
NASA’s Twins Study Results Published
NASA’s trailblazing Twins Study moved into the final stages of integrated research with the release of a combined summary paper…
Read the Story![](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/kellymarkscott_0519162100.jpg?w=1024)
Latest Content
Stay up-to-date with the latest Twins Study content.
![](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/kellymarkscott_05191601.jpg?w=300)
Blood samples from astronaut Scott Kelly taken during his one year mission in space arrived in the lab of NASA’s…
![](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/kellymarkscott_0519162100.jpg?w=300)
NASA’s trailblazing Twins Study moved into the final stages of integrated research with the release of a combined summary paper…
![](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/genes.png?w=300)
NASA’s Twins Study preliminary results have revealed that space travel causes an increase in methylation, the process of turning genes on…
Media
![Mark and Scott Kelly](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/marknkelly.png?w=300)
![Expedition 45/46 Commander, Astronaut Scott Kelly (right) along with his brother, former Astronaut Mark Kelly (left).](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/jsc2015e004209.jpg?w=300)
![Astronaut gives himself immunization](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ap-year-in-space-photo-gallery-79991154.jpeg?w=300)
![Mark and Scott Kelly](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/twins2.png?w=300)
![Mark and Scott Kelly](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/twins.png?w=1024)
![Mark and Scott Kelly](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/twins2_lg.jpg?w=300)
![kellymarkscott_0519162100](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/kellymarkscott_0519162100.jpg?w=300)
![Identical twins, from left, Scott and Mark Kelly, are the subjects of NASA’s Twins Study.](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/nasas-twin-astronauts-sco-009_0_0.jpg?w=300)
![NASA astronaut Scott Kelly explores the use of augmented reality to reduce crew training requirements.](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/iss046e043637_orig.jpg?w=300)
![scott kelly and lemons](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/scott-kelly-and-lemons.jpeg?w=300)