In November 1970, workers at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC) put the finishing touches on the Saturn V rocket for the Apollo 14 Moon landing mission before rolling it out to its seaside launch pad. The Apollo 14 crew of Commander Alan B. Shepard, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Stuart A. Roosa, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edgar D. Mitchell, along with their backups Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, and Joe H. Engle rehearsed aspects of their mission in spacecraft simulators. Shepard and Mitchell practiced their lunar surface excursions planned for the Fra Mauro Highlands during a geology field trip to Arizona and several simulations at KSC. The Apollo 15 crew completed two geology field trips and received a training version of the lunar rover they planned to drive during their July 1971 Moon landing mission to the Hadley-Apennine landing site.
Left: Workers at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center prepare to lift the Launch Escape System (LES) tower to mount it atop the Apollo 14 Saturn V rocket. Middle: Workers lifting the LES to place it atop the Apollo 14 Saturn V. Right: Workers lowering the LES atop the Apollo 14 Command Module.
After stacking the Apollo 14 spacecraft atop its Saturn V rocket in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), workers mounted the Launch Escape System (LES) tower atop the spacecraft on Nov. 8. The LES is used only in an emergency during the first two minutes of powered flight to lift the spacecraft and crew to safety should there be a serious malfunction with the rocket.
Left: The Saturn V for the Apollo 14 mission exits the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center as it begins its rollout to Launch Pad 39A. Middle: Apollo 14 astronauts Edgar D. Mitchell, left, Alan B. Shepard, and Stuart A. Roosa pose in front of their Saturn V rocket as it rolls out to Launch Pad 39A. Right: The Apollo 14 Saturn V sits on Launch Pad 39A..
The next morning, on the third anniversary of Apollo 4, the first flight of a Saturn V rocket, the Apollo 14 Saturn V began its slow rollout of the VAB, completing the 3.5-mile trip to Launch Pad 39A in about 6 hours. Shepard, Roosa, and Mitchell watched the rollout and even walked along with the rocket for a brief time. Roosa then answered reporters’ questions about the upcoming mission. Once the rocket arrived at the pad, workers continued to prepare it and the spacecraft for the flight. They installed a spare battery and a third oxygen tank in the spacecraft’s Service Module, modifications resulting from the accident that crippled the Apollo 13 spacecraft on its way to the Moon in April 1970. They installed an accumulator device in the rocket’s second stage to prevent the pogo-effect vibrations experienced during the Apollo 13 launch resulting in an early engine shutdown. In early December, engineers began spacecraft integrated systems testing, leading to the Flight Readiness Test planned for Dec. 17-18.
Left: Apollo 14 astronauts Edgar D. Mitchell, left, and Alan B. Shepard practice the second lunar excursion with the Modular Equipment Transporter (MET) in Cottonwood, Arizona. Middle: Mitchell, right, pulls the MET, aided by Shepard, during the Cottonwood geology field trip. Right: Shepard places a gnomon, a photography aid, during the Cottonwood geology field trip.
Shepard and Mitchell, accompanied by a team of geologists, completed their final geology training field trip on Nov. 16 to the Black Mesa crater field near Cottonwood, Arizona. To make the terrain more lunar-like, workers blasted 14 new craters before the crew’s arrival, following erosion of earlier craters by heavy rains. Shepard and Mitchell completed their walking traverse while using the MET to carry their tools and samples. They collected rock samples, including photographing and describing them while in communication with Mission Control in Houston, where a science support team listened and analyzed the incoming information and advised the astronauts on further actions.
Training for the first Apollo 14 lunar extravehicular activity. Left: Commander Alan B. Shepard trains to unfold the Modular Equipment Transporter. Middle: Apollo 14 Lunar Module Pilot Edgar D. Mitchell practices removing the nuclear element from the Lunar Module before placing it into the radioactive thermal generator used to power the surface experiments package. Right: Shepard practices planting the American flag.
Shepard and Mitchell, as well as backups Cernan and Engle, practiced for the two planned lunar surface extravehicular activities (EVAs). During the first EVA, the astronauts planned to unfold the MET, stowed on the side of the LM, to help them carry their tools and collected samples. Other activities for the first EVA included setting up the suite of scientific experiments and deploying the American flag. The astronauts trained for these tasks in the Manned Spacecraft Operations Building (MSOB).
Rehearsing the second Apollo 14 lunar surface extravehicular activity.
Left: Astronauts Edgar D. Mitchell, left, and Alan B. Shepard practice collecting rock samples, using a football as a stand-in, while an armadillo burrows into the ground. Middle: An armadillo observes Shepard retrieving tools from the Modular Equipment Transporter. Right: Mitchell uses the “thumper” device to generate small seismic waves.
The tasks for the second EVA involved longer traverses, aided by the MET, and collecting the bulk of the geology samples. Using the “thumper” device, the astronauts caused minor seismic events that sensitive instruments recorded. The resulting data would inform scientists about the internal composition of the lunar crust.
Apollo 15
Preparations continued for the July 1971 Apollo 15 mission, the first with expanded capabilities including a longer lunar surface stay time of three days and the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) to expand the range of astronauts’ geology excursions. The Grumman Aircraft Corporation delivered the two stages of the Lunar Module (LM) to KSC, with the ascent stage arriving on Nov. 6 and the descent stage 10 days later. Workers in the MSOB began LM systems tests on Nov. 30. The Boeing Co. delivered the LRV 1-G trainer to the Marshall Space Flight Center on Nov. 17 for initial testing, following which it was delivered to the Manned Spacecraft Center, now NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, on Dec. 16 for astronaut training.
Left: Apollo 15 Commander David R. Scott during the December 1970 geology field trip to Hawaii. Middle: James B. Irwin, left, and Scott refer to a checklist during a geology training traverse in Hawaii. Right: Irwin collecting a soil sample during geology training in Hawaii.
The training for the Apollo 15 crew of Commander David R. Scott, CMP Alfred M. Worden, and LMP James B. Irwin, and their backups Richard F. Gordon, Vance D. Brand, and Harrison H. “Jack” Schmitt focused on the enhanced scientific aspects of their mission. The ambitious Hadley-Apennine landing zone, the first Apollo site away from the Moon’s equator, featured the 8,000-foot high Apennine Mountains and the Hadley Rille, a 60-mile long, half-a-mile wide and 600-foot deep sinuous canyon. During a two-day geology field trip Nov. 19-20 to the San Gabriel Mountains in California, Scott, Irwin, Gordon, and Schmitt used cameras and sample collection equipment to practice collecting and photo documenting samples. A lengthier field trip to the islands of Hawaii and Oahu Dec. 5-12 familiarized the crew with the geology of volcanic terrain. The astronauts used the Grover as a stand-in for the LRV during both trips to execute longer traverses than could be possible by walking.
To be continued…
World events in November and December 1970
November 3 – Marxist Salvador Allende inaugurated as President of Chile
November 12 – Cleveland Cavaliers record their first NBA victory, defeating Portland 105-103
November 17 – Soviet Luna 17 lands on the Moon, deploys the Lunokhod 1 rover
November 17 – Computer scientist Douglas Engelbart receives patent for the first computer mouse
November 20 – United Nations General Assembly accepts membership of the People’s Republic of China
November 23 – George Harrison releases the single “My Sweet Lord” in the United States
December 2 – Environmental Protection Agency begins operating
December 15 – Soviet Venera 7 becomes the first spacecraft to soft-land on Venus
December 16 – Motion picture “Love Story” is released
December 21 – President Richard M. Nixon meets with singer Elvis Presley in the White House; the image of the event is the most requested photograph from the National Archives
December 31 – Paul McCartney files a lawsuit to dissolve The Beatles